Oncolytic viruses are highly immunogenic, but the dominance of the anti-virus immune response triggered by standard oncolytic viruses may compromise the induction of tumor-targeted immune attack. Oncolysis releases tumor epitopes and may trigger an immune response which is unique to patient-specific neoantigens. In reported clinical trials, however, tumor-specific immune responses has been demonstrated only in some cancer patients, while the induction of anti-virus immunity has been reported systematically in nearly all cancer patients treated with various different oncolytic viruses, including adenoviruses.
